HOME
Mauri Compass AI:
Toolkit and Platform
Ngāi Tai Iwi Authority
Principal Authors
  • Riaki Ruru
  • Ashlee Mio
  • Ian Ruru
September 2025 Progress Report
"Wow ....fantastic.......I am looking at it from the perspective as a tool for our negotiations ... 😃 .. awesome mahi"
- Ngāi Tai Treaty Negotiator
Mauri Compass AI:
Toolkit and Platform
Ngāi Tai Iwi Authority
Principal Authors
  • Riaki Ruru
  • Ashlee Mio
  • Ian Ruru
September 2025 Progress Report
"Wow ....fantastic.......I am looking at it from the perspective as a tool for our negotiations ... 😃 .. awesome mahi"
- Ngāi Tai Treaty Negotiator
Paradise, November 2016
"Ma mua ka kite a muri"- "Those who lead give SIGHT to those who follow"
"Ma muri ka ora a mua" - "And those who follow give LIFE to those who lead".
This highlights the reciprocal relationship between leaders and followers, with leaders providing vision and guidance into the unknown, and followers helping to keep the mauri of the kaupapa alive.
Regardless of the position or title that we hold we are part of a collective, each with our own role, and we need everyone to keep the kaupapa alive.  
Must See Links - Best Viewed on a Laptop
Have a tutu!
Table of contents
  • Ko Tainui te waka
Ko Tainui te waka
Ko Wainui te awa
Ko Hoturoa te rangatira o runga
Ko Manaakiao te Manawhenua
Ko Torerenuiārua te tipuna
Ko Ngāi Tai te iwi
Hui a Iwi
Highlight 1: Ashlee Mio and Riaki Ruru
Present at Te Wai Maori Trust
Freshwater Fisheries Conference
"We were stoked to present our results at the conference. Our core argument is that while eDNA technology provides valuable data about what species are currently present, Mātauranga-a-Ngai-Tai offers the essential context about what should be there and what has been lost over time.
We presented a case study from back home at Tōrere, for instance, eDNA confirmed what oral histories already told us – that treasured species like kākahi and giant kōkopu were absent from the river.
Our central message is clear: eDNA doesn't replace traditional knowledge; instead, it strengthens it, allowing for a more holistic and culturally grounded approach to restoring mahinga kai."
They are pictured here with Ian Ruru Alternate Director Te Wai Maori Trust and Te Wai Maori Trust Chairman, Rawiri Faulkner.
Highlight 2: Our Ngai Tai-Ao Journey
Mātauranga Māori and Science
Kia ora e te whānau.
Welcome to our Ngāi Tai-Ao VLOG series!
Follow our tamariki as they explore our beautiful backyard, learn about the Mauri Compass, maramataka, and kaitiakitanga, while using both mātauranga Māori and science tools to care for our taiao.
We’re on a journey of learning, protecting, and celebrating our reo, taiao, and mātauranga.
Don’t forget to subscribe and follow along with our kaupapa. #Ngai Tai-Ao #MauriCompass # TeKuraOTorere https://www.youtube.com/embed/mobtYagBVZo?rel=0
Highlight 3: Mauri Compass AI
Where Tikanga Meets Technology
Mauri Compass AI pioneers a first for Aotearoa: integrating Tikanga Māori with AI-enhanced drone technology and VIRTUAL REALITY DRONE 360 for rapid habitat assessments. Led by Ngai Tai kaitiaki in Torere, this innovative solution revolutionizes ecological monitoring, deepening our understanding of mauri, and fostering stronger conservation connections.
'Have a tutu' with the live demo: AI Habitat Assessment Demo.

Mauri Compass AI - Environmental Monitoring System

VIRTUAL REALITY | DRONE 360 | AI | TORERE

VIRTUAL REALITY | DRONE 360 | AI | TORERE

What Our Iwi Are Saying:

Highlight
A hikoi of history and taiao survey along the Torere Awa, examining water quality and environmental impact at key sites, while learning the history and significance of the area.
We very much appreciated Memory Mio and Arapeta Mio starting the project with a Historical Hikoi to significant sites of Ngai Tai.
"Looks like a great platform, mean mahi - when is the Mauri Compass waananga? be keen to try and get along for that"
- Ngāi Tai Asset Holding Company Director
"I tautoko the comments. That app is awesome!"
- Ngāi Tai Asset Holding Company Director
"I'm more of a graph type of person so this is awesome! Look forward to the ground mahi with our kura."
- Te Kura o Torere Tumuaki
Programme Overview
This project integrates mātauranga Māori with cutting-edge technology to provide comprehensive monitoring and management capabilities.
Key Programme Components
01
Mauri Compass Assessment System
Our flagship assessment tool provides culturally grounded evaluation of freshwater health, combining traditional indicators with scientific measurements to assess the mauri of our waterways.
02
Educational Integration
The Ngāi Tai-Ao Curriculum connects our tamariki with their ancestral waters through hands-on learning that builds both cultural knowledge and scientific understanding.
03
Technology Integration
Advanced monitoring technologies including eDNA analysis, AI-enhanced assessment tools, and digital dashboards provide real-time insights into ecosystem health.
04
Our Whānau and Hapū Engagement
Whānau and hapū participation in monitoring activities builds capacity and strengthens the connection between our people and our waterways.
Progress Achievements 2025
Monitoring Network Establishment
  • Key monitoring sites established across the Tōrere River system
  • Baseline data collection completed for all major parameters
  • Digital dashboard deployment providing real-time monitoring capabilities
  • Integration with regional monitoring networks
Technology Development
  • AI-enhanced Mauri Compass platform successfully deployed
  • eDNA sampling protocols established and implemented
  • Mobile data collection applications developed and tested
  • Data sovereignty frameworks implemented
Check out this 360 Virtual Reality Panorama of our historic hikoi to White Rock

#Fun fact: If you point down to the river you can see the roopu on the hikoi - mission. This is the exact time that Ian got lost from the group. He was too busy with his drone and got left behind…
Capacity Building
  • Whānau training programmes delivered
  • Youth engagement through kura partnerships
  • Technical skills development for our members
  • Leadership development in environmental management
Partnership Development
  • Formal agreements established with Bay of Plenty Regional Council
  • Research partnerships with universities and research institutions
  • Collaboration with other iwi on methodology sharing
  • International recognition and knowledge exchange
Impact Assessment
Environmental Outcomes
Early monitoring results show positive trends in several key indicators, including improved water clarity in upper catchment areas and increased native fish populations in restored riparian zones.
Cultural Outcomes
Strengthened connection between our whānau and ancestral waters, increased use of te reo Māori in environmental contexts, and enhanced transmission of traditional ecological knowledge to younger generations.
Iwi Outcomes
Increased our engagement in environmental management, enhanced pride in our cultural identity, and strengthened relationships between us and external partners.
Future Directions
Expansion Plans
  • Extension of monitoring network to additional waterways
  • Integration with marine and terrestrial monitoring systems
  • Development of predictive modeling capabilities
  • Expansion of educational programmes to other kura
Innovation Priorities
  • Advanced AI integration for pattern recognition and prediction
  • Drone and satellite technology integration
  • Real-time alert systems for environmental threats
  • Virtual reality applications for cultural education
Summary
We demonstrate the power of integrating mātauranga Māori with modern technology to create innovative solutions for environmental management. Our progress in 2025 establishes a strong foundation for continued growth and impact in the years ahead.
Our Freshwater Monitoring Plan & Bi-lingual Resources
This monitoring plan outlines a comprehensive framework for us to assess and manage the health of our freshwater ecosystems. It integrates mātauranga Māori with scientific methodologies to provide a holistic understanding of the state of the water and its cultural and ecological significance.
1. Introduction
The purpose of this monitoring plan is to establish a systematic approach to assessing the health of our freshwater resources. This plan is grounded in the principles of kaitiakitanga and mana motuhake, and it recognizes the intrinsic connection between the health of our waters and the wellbeing of our people. The monitoring plan will provide the data and insights necessary to inform management decisions and to track the success of restoration efforts.
2. Monitoring Objectives
The primary objectives of this monitoring plan are to:
  • Establish baseline conditions for key mahinga kai sites within our rohe.
  • Monitor changes in water quality, habitat condition, and taonga species populations over time.
  • Assess the effectiveness of restoration and management actions.
  • Provide data to support Treaty negotiations and freshwater governance.
  • Build the capacity of our whānau to be active kaitiaki of our freshwater resources.
  • Integrate mātauranga Māori with scientific monitoring to provide a holistic understanding of freshwater health.
3. Monitoring Sites
The monitoring programme focuses on two key sites within the Tōrere River system, selected to provide comprehensive coverage of the catchment from the ngahere (forest) to the moana (sea).
Aerial view showing the two primary monitoring sites within the Tōrere River catchment
Torere Pūahatanga
Located at the coastal interface where the Tōrere River meets the moana, this site represents the final destination of all catchment influences. Torere Pūahatanga is critical for monitoring the cumulative effects of upstream activities and serves as a key habitat for diadromous fish species including inanga and tuna. This site provides insights into the overall health of the entire catchment system and the effectiveness of restoration efforts throughout the awa.
Torere Ngahere
Situated within the forested upper catchment, this site represents the more pristine conditions of the Tōrere River system. Located in the ngahere, this monitoring location provides baseline data for natural ecosystem function and serves as a reference point for restoration goals throughout the catchment. The site offers insights into the mauri of the awa in its more natural state, supporting both cultural and scientific understanding of healthy freshwater ecosystems.
Field Work in Action
Our monitoring work involves hands-on field activities that combine traditional knowledge with modern scientific methods. The following video showcases our team conducting monitoring activities at the Tōrere River sites:
Our monitoring team conducting field work at Tōrere River monitoring sites
4. Monitoring Parameters
The following parameters will be monitored at each site to provide a comprehensive assessment of freshwater mauri:
4.1. Physical Parameters
  • Water temperature
  • pH
  • Dissolved oxygen
  • Turbidity
  • Flow rate (where applicable)
  • Water depth
4.2. Chemical Parameters
  • Nutrient levels (nitrogen and phosphorus)
  • E. coli levels
  • Heavy metals (where relevant)
  • Pesticide residues (where relevant)
4.3. Biological Parameters
  • Presence and abundance of taonga species (tuna, kōura, inanga)
  • Macroinvertebrate iwi composition
  • Riparian vegetation health and composition
  • Presence of invasive species
4.4. Cultural Parameters (Mauri Compass Indicators)
  • Water clarity and appearance
  • Presence of traditional food sources
  • Ability to practice cultural traditions
  • Overall mauri of the site
5. Monitoring Methods
The following methods will be used to collect data at each monitoring site:
5.1. AI-Enhanced Mauri Compass
The Mauri Compass is a tool we have designed, culturally anchored, that will be enhanced with AI capabilities to interpret photographic, video, and text-based tohu. This tool will provide a dynamic, scalable, and culturally relevant assessment of the mauri of each site.
5.2. Water Quality Testing
Standard water quality testing equipment will be used to measure physical and chemical parameters. This will include handheld meters for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity, as well as laboratory analysis for nutrients and contaminants.
5.3. Biological Surveys
Biological surveys will be conducted using a combination of visual encounter surveys, netting, and electrofishing (where appropriate and permitted). Macroinvertebrate sampling will be conducted using standard protocols.
5.4. Photographic Documentation
High-resolution photographs will be taken at each site to document conditions and to provide visual data for AI analysis.
5.5. Seasonal Monitoring
Monitoring will be conducted on a seasonal basis, aligned with our maramataka, to capture natural variations in environmental conditions and to align with traditional ecological knowledge.
6. Data Sovereignty and Analysis
Data will be managed and analyzed using a combination of traditional knowledge systems and modern digital tools:
01
6.1. Digital Dashboards
AI-enhanced digital dashboards will be developed to provide real-time visualization of monitoring data. These dashboards will be accessible to our whānau and will support decision-making processes.
02
6.2. Data Sovereignty
All data collected will be owned and controlled by us, in accordance with the principles of data sovereignty. Data will be stored securely and will only be shared with external parties with our explicit consent.
03
6.3. Integration with Mātauranga Māori
Monitoring data will be interpreted in the context of traditional ecological knowledge, including seasonal indicators, historical narratives, and cultural values.
7. Reporting
Reports will be generated and disseminated on a regular basis to ensure that monitoring results are communicated effectively to all stakeholders:
1
7.1. Quarterly Reports
Quarterly reports will be prepared for our Iwi Authority and will include summaries of monitoring results, trends, and recommendations for management actions.
2
7.2. Annual Reports
Annual reports will provide a comprehensive overview of monitoring results and will be made available to the wider Ngāi Tai iwi.
3
7.3. Treaty Reports
Specialized reports will be prepared to support Treaty negotiations and to provide evidence for freshwater claims and restoration planning.
8. Capacity Building
This monitoring plan includes a strong focus on capacity building to ensure that our whānau have the skills and knowledge necessary to be effective kaitiaki:
8.1. Training Programs
Training programs will be delivered to whānau and rangatahi to build skills in monitoring techniques, data collection, and analysis.
8.2. Kura Integration
Monitoring activities will be integrated into the curriculum at Te Kura o Tōrere to provide hands-on learning opportunities for tamariki.
8.3. Certification
Participants in training programs will have the opportunity to achieve Level 2 kaitiaki accreditation.
Ngāi Tai Baseline Assessment and Freshwater Management Plan
This document presents a baseline assessment of the current state of our freshwater resources and outlines a management plan to protect and enhance these taonga for future generations.
1. Introduction
Freshwater is the lifeblood of Ngāi Tai, weaving through our history, culture, and identity. Our rivers, streams, and wetlands are not merely resources; they are our whakapapa, our tūpuna, and the source of our mauri. The health of our waters is inextricably linked to the health of our people. This baseline assessment and freshwater management plan is a declaration of our commitment to the restoration and protection of our ancestral waters. It is a plan born from the wisdom of our kaumātua, the passion of our rangatahi, and our collective aspirations.
This plan is built upon the foundational work of the Mauri Compass, a tool we designed that empowers us to assess the health of our environment through a Ngāi Tai lens. It is a living document, intended to be adapted and refined as we learn and grow. It is a testament to our mana motuhake, our right to self-determination, and our enduring responsibility as kaitiaki.
2. Baseline Assessment
A comprehensive baseline assessment of the key mahinga kai sites is crucial for understanding their current state and for measuring the success of future restoration efforts. This assessment will be conducted using the AI-enhanced Mauri Compass, which integrates mātauranga Māori with scientific data to provide a holistic view of the health of each site. The assessment will focus on the following aspects:
Water Quality
Measuring key parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and turbidity to assess the chemical and physical properties of the water.
Habitat Assessment
Evaluating the physical habitat of the awa, including the substrate, riparian vegetation, and in-stream structures that provide shelter and food for aquatic life.
Taonga Species
Monitoring the presence, abundance, and health of key taonga species such as tuna (eels), kōura (freshwater crayfish), and inanga (whitebait).
Cultural Health Indicators
Assessing the cultural health of the sites through the application of the Mauri Compass, which includes indicators such as the clarity of the water, the presence of traditional food sources, and the ability to practice our cultural traditions.
This baseline assessment will provide a snapshot of the current state of the mahinga kai sites and will serve as a benchmark for future monitoring and restoration activities.
3. Freshwater Management Plan
This freshwater management plan outlines a series of actions to be taken to protect and restore the health of our freshwater resources. The plan is based on the principles of kaitiakitanga, mana motuhake, and intergenerational equity. It is a living document that will be reviewed and updated regularly to ensure that it remains relevant and effective.
3.1. Vision and Goals
Our vision is for a future where our rivers and streams run clear and clean, where our taonga species are abundant, and where our people can once again practice their cultural traditions without fear of contamination or degradation. Our goals are to:
Restore the mauri of our freshwater ecosystems.
Protect and enhance our taonga species.
Ensure that our freshwater resources are managed in a way that is consistent with our cultural values and aspirations.
Empower our people to be active kaitiaki of our freshwater resources.
3.2. Management Actions
The following management actions will be undertaken to achieve our goals:
Riparian Planting
We will undertake a program of riparian planting to restore native vegetation along the banks of our rivers and streams. This will help to stabilize the banks, reduce erosion, and provide shade and habitat for aquatic life.
Pest Control
We will implement a program of pest control to reduce the impact of introduced pests such as rats, stoats, and possums on our native flora and fauna.
Water Quality Monitoring
We will continue to monitor the water quality of our rivers and streams to track changes over time and to identify any potential threats to the health of our freshwater ecosystems.
Advocacy and Education
We will advocate for stronger protection of our freshwater resources and will work to educate our people and the wider community about the importance of freshwater to us.
3.3. Implementation
This freshwater management plan will be implemented by our Iwi Authority in partnership with our whānau, hapū, and marae. We will work with our partners to secure the necessary resources and expertise to implement the plan. We will also work to build the capacity of our people to be active participants in the management of our freshwater resources.
Ngai Tai-Ao Curriculum Implementation
Tēnā koutou katoa,
We are pleased to share this update on the successful early implementation of our Ngai Tai-Ao Curriculum – a place-based environmental learning programme that weaves together Mātauranga Māori and science to connect our tamariki and our wider iwi with the taiao through the lens of our tikanga, reo, and values.
Curriculum Overview
The Ngai Tai-Ao Curriculum aims to develop tamariki as kaitiaki of their taiao by engaging in hands-on learning that explores the mauri of different wāhi, while building a deep understanding of local ecosystems and taonga species. It is grounded in our mātauranga Ngāi Tai and aligned to the Mauri Compass environmental monitoring framework.
Implementation Progress
We have officially begun implementation and are excited to report the following developments:
01
Instrumentation and Environmental Testing
  • Tamariki have been introduced to key environmental tools and instruments such as thermometers, clarity tubes, conductivity meters, and pH kits
  • They are learning to use these tools to test the health of local waterways as a start
  • Data collection practices are being developed, including guided recording and interpretation of environmental indicators
02
Mauri of Wāhi Learning
  • Tamariki are learning to assess and reflect on the mauri (life force) of places, supported by our pūrākau, kōrero tuku iho, and whakataukī
  • This encourages not only observation and measurement, but a values-based reflection on what is being seen and felt in the environment
03
Ecological Surveys
  • Our students are recording local flora and fauna, documenting species of birds, insects, plants, and aquatic life found in each area
  • Tamariki are learning the names of these species in both te reo Māori and English where possible, and are beginning to identify connections between them and their environment
04
Cultural and Environmental Documentation
  • Class books and digital platforms are being used to record environmental data, observations, and tamariki reflections
  • Video journaling and voice recordings are also being introduced to strengthen oral storytelling and observation skills
Bi-lingual Resources
Student Impact and Engagement
For the minimal time we have spent doing these mini-wānanga, student engagement, confidence in speaking te reo Māori, and curiosity about the natural world has been exciting and engaging.
Key Outcomes Observed
Increased Cultural Confidence
Students are more comfortable using te reo Māori in environmental contexts
Enhanced Scientific Literacy
Improved understanding of environmental monitoring techniques and data interpretation
Strengthened Cultural Identity
Deeper connection to ancestral knowledge and traditional practices
Environmental Awareness
Greater understanding of local ecosystems and conservation needs
eDNA and Mātauranga Māori Integration
A key component of our curriculum has been the integration of environmental DNA (eDNA) technology with mātauranga Māori to unlock deeper insights into our freshwater ecosystems.
Understanding eDNA Technology
What it is
eDNA detects species without needing to see or catch them by collecting traces of DNA left by fish, birds, insects, plants and more
How it works
Water is drawn and filtered using a syringe-like tool, with filters sent to a lab for DNA sequencing
Why we use it
Non-invasive, fast, and efficient method that gathers more data with less effort and doesn't disturb the awa
Species Identified in Tōrere River
Comprehensive eDNA analysis showing species diversity across both monitoring sites
The eDNA analysis revealed remarkable biodiversity across both monitoring sites, with distinct species compositions reflecting the different ecological conditions from ngahere to moana. This comprehensive species identification demonstrates the value of combining traditional knowledge with modern molecular techniques to understand ecosystem health.
Native Species Found:
  • Shortfin tuna (eels)
  • Longfin tuna (eels)
  • Redfin bully
  • Bluegill bully
  • Torrentfish
  • Inanga
  • Kahawai
  • Common bully
Introduced Species Detected:
  • Cattle
  • Norway rat
  • Common brushtail possum
  • Red deer
  • Rainbow trout
  • Capra hircus goat
  • Australian longfin tuna
The Essential Role of Mātauranga Māori
While eDNA offers valuable insights by detecting species presence and providing a snapshot of current biodiversity, it cannot work alone. Mātauranga Māori is essential because it:
Holds intergenerational knowledge of species and ecosystems
Informs the meaning behind the presence or absence of species
Reflects local practices, tikanga, and mahinga kai values
Connects people to place through lived experience

Key Message:
eDNA doesn't replace Mātauranga – it strengthens it. Together, they unlock meaningful, place-based restoration of mahinga kai.
Next Steps and Future Development
Expand monitoring to include seasonal data sets aligned with the maramataka
Showcase student learning and invite whānau to participate in future taiao-based wānanga
Develop assessment frameworks that recognize both cultural and scientific learning outcomes
Create resource materials for other kura interested in implementing similar programmes
Establish partnerships with tertiary institutions for pathway development
Programme Significance
The Ngai Tai-Ao Curriculum represents an approach to environmental education that successfully integrates indigenous knowledge systems with contemporary scientific methods. By centering mātauranga Māori while embracing modern technology, our programme creates authentic learning experiences that strengthen both cultural identity and environmental literacy.
This innovative curriculum serves as a model for other iwi and educational institutions seeking to develop culturally responsive environmental education programmes that honor traditional knowledge while preparing students for contemporary environmental challenges.
Mauri Compass Survey Platform
Our digital platform serves as the technological foundation for the Torere River Mauri Compass Assessment, offering a sophisticated yet culturally grounded approach to environmental monitoring. The platform demonstrates how traditional knowledge systems can be enhanced and supported by modern digital tools while maintaining their integrity and cultural authenticity.

🚀 Access the Live Platform!
Have a tutu with the Torere River Mauri Compass Survey Platform and experience our comprehensive freshwater cultural health index in action!
Key Platform Features
1. Comprehensive Assessment Framework
The platform provides multiple perspectives on river health through integrated sections:
Overview
Real-time dashboard showing river status, data gaps, key threats, and cultural connection strength
Executive Summary
Comprehensive analysis with assessment scope, key findings, and reference data
By Category
Detailed breakdown of environmental and cultural indicators
Key Species
Monitoring of taonga species including tuna, kōura, and inanga
Cultural Sites
Documentation of significant cultural locations and their current status
Field Data Input
Real-time data collection capabilities for ongoing monitoring
Treaty & Planning
Strategic framework supporting Treaty negotiations and planning processes
Threats
Identification and assessment of current risks to river health
Data Gaps
Research priorities and areas requiring further investigation
Actions
Prioritized restoration and management recommendations
2. Cultural Sites and Significance
The platform documents and monitors important cultural sites along the Torere River:
Torere Marae
Central marae and cultural hub for our Iwi (Active status)
Traditional fishing pools
Ancestral tuna fishing sites along the river (Some access restricted)
Sacred springs
Wai tapu (sacred waters) at river headwaters (Protected status)
Historical settlements
Traditional kāinga sites along river terraces (Archaeological sites)
3. Our Iwi Cultural Values Framework
The platform is built upon our core values that guide our kaitiakitanga of the Torere River:
Whakapapa
Our genealogical connection to the river and all life within it, recognizing the river as our ancestor and relative.
Kaitiakitanga
Our responsibility as guardians to protect and restore the mauri of the Torere River for future generations.
Mauri
The life force and spiritual essence of the river, which reflects the health and wellbeing of our people and environment.
Mana
The spiritual power and authority that comes from our ancestral connection to the river and our role as tangata whenua.
4. Current Assessment Results
The platform currently shows the following status for the Torere River:
Poor
River Status
Overall mauri assessment indicates significant degradation from historical baseline
6
Data Gaps
Research priorities identified requiring further investigation
5
Key Threats
Active threats to river health including agricultural runoff and habitat modification
Strong
Cultural Connection
Our connection to Torere remains robust despite environmental challenges
5. Strengths and Critical Concerns
Strengths:
  • Cultural Foundation: Strong connection and active kaitiakitanga practices maintain cultural integrity of the river system
  • Upper Catchment: Headwater areas retain good forest cover and natural flow patterns supporting native species habitat
Critical Concerns:
  • Species Decline: Native fish populations including tuna and īnanga showing significant decline from historical abundance
  • Water Quality: Agricultural runoff and habitat modification impacting water quality and ecosystem health

6. Implementation Framework

The platform supports a comprehensive our Iwi-led restoration approach with prioritized actions: High Priority (Immediate - 6 months) Establish Baseline Monitoring Restore Riparian Zones Address Pollution Sources Medium Priority (6-12 months) Species Recovery Programs Cultural Site Protection Ongoing Priority Iwi Engagement 7. Kaitiaki Leadership Central to our platform is the principle that we will lead all restoration efforts, ensuring cultural values guide decision-making and implementation. This approach ensures that our traditional knowledge systems remain at the center of all environmental management decisions. Technical Innovation The Mauri Compass Platform represents a technological achievement in the integration of indigenous knowledge systems with modern environmental monitoring tools. The platform demonstrates how digital technology can serve to strengthen rather than replace traditional knowledge, creating new possibilities for culturally grounded environmental management. Future Development The platform continues to evolve as we expand our monitoring capabilities and integrate new data sources. Future enhancements will include AI-enhanced analysis capabilities, expanded species monitoring, and integration with the broader Te Mātāpuna o te Wai programme.

Policy and Planning Alignment
The Mauri Compass System represents potential integration of mātauranga Māori with statutory planning frameworks, providing a robust foundation for culturally grounded environmental management within existing regulatory structures.
Alignment with Bay of Plenty Regional Policy Statement
Statutory Framework and Mauri Recognition
The Bay of Plenty Regional Policy Statement (RPS) provides the overarching framework for sustainable resource management across the region. The RPS explicitly recognises the concept of mauri through Objective 17, which states:
"The mauri of water, land, air and geothermal resources is safeguarded and where it is degraded, where appropriate, it is enhanced over time."
This objective creates a direct statutory pathway for the integration of the Mauri Compass System within BOPRC's planning and consent processes.
Methodological Framework Integration
The Mauri Compass provides the methodological framework to:
Assess current mauri status across multiple environmental domains
Monitor changes in mauri over time through standardised indicators
Identify enhancement opportunities where mauri has been degraded
Establish baseline conditions for future monitoring and management
Integration with Regional Plans
Regional Water and Land Plan Applications
The Mauri Compass System can be integrated into BOPRC's regional planning processes through several mechanisms:
Plan Development and Review
  • Providing baseline mauri assessments to inform plan objectives and policies
  • Contributing cultural indicators to complement scientific monitoring programmes
  • Supporting the identification of areas requiring special protection or enhancement measures
Plan Implementation
  • Establishing mauri-based performance indicators for plan effectiveness
  • Supporting adaptive management approaches through ongoing mauri monitoring
  • Informing plan variations and changes based on mauri assessment outcomes
Coastal Environment Plan Integration
The System's marine and estuarine assessment capabilities directly support the implementation of the Bay of Plenty Regional Coastal Environment Plan, particularly in:
Assessing cumulative effects of coastal development
Monitoring the health of coastal ecosystems and mahinga kai areas
Supporting iwi and hapū participation in coastal management decisions
RMA Consent Process Integration
Cultural Impact Assessment Enhancement
The Mauri Compass System provides a robust framework for cultural impact assessment within RMA consent processes, offering:
Standardised Assessment Methodology
  • Consistent evaluation criteria across different project types and scales
  • Quantifiable indicators that can be compared across time and space
  • Integration of both tangible and intangible cultural values
Evidence-Based Decision Making
  • Scientifically rigorous data collection and analysis procedures
  • Clear documentation of cultural effects and their significance
  • Transparent reporting that supports informed consent decisions
Strategic Policy Alignment
National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management
The Mauri Compass System directly supports the implementation of the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management (NPS-FM) by:
Providing culturally appropriate indicators for freshwater health assessment
Supporting Te Mana o te Wai as the fundamental concept for freshwater management
Enabling iwi and hapū to participate meaningfully in freshwater planning processes
Contributing to the development of culturally appropriate environmental flows and levels
Resource Management (National Environmental Standards for Freshwater) Regulations
The System enhances compliance with the National Environmental Standards for Freshwater by:
Providing additional cultural monitoring data to complement scientific assessments
Supporting the identification of degraded freshwater bodies requiring restoration
Informing the development of action plans for freshwater improvement
Enabling ongoing monitoring of restoration effectiveness
Treaty Settlement Integration
Co-Management Frameworks
The Mauri Compass System provides essential tools for implementing co-management arrangements arising from Treaty settlements:
Joint Decision-Making
Providing shared assessment frameworks for collaborative resource management
Cultural Monitoring
Enabling us to monitor and report on the cultural health of our taonga
Restoration Planning
Supporting the development of culturally appropriate restoration strategies
Adaptive Management
Facilitating ongoing adjustment of management approaches based on cultural and environmental outcomes
Statutory Acknowledgements and Relationship Agreements
The System supports the practical implementation of statutory acknowledgements by:
Providing mechanisms for our ongoing involvement in resource management decisions
Documenting the cultural significance of specific areas and resources
Monitoring the effectiveness of protection measures for culturally significant sites
Supporting the development of relationship agreements between us and councils
Benefits for Regulatory Agencies
Enhanced Decision-Making
  • Comprehensive Assessment: Integration of cultural and environmental values provides more complete understanding of resource management issues
  • Risk Management: Early identification of cultural concerns reduces the risk of consent challenges and appeals
  • Adaptive Management: Ongoing monitoring enables responsive management approaches
  • Treaty Compliance: Demonstrates genuine partnership with tangata whenua in resource management
Operational Efficiency
  • Standardised Processes: Consistent assessment methodologies reduce processing time and costs
  • Reduced Conflict: Early engagement and transparent assessment processes minimise disputes
  • Improved Outcomes: Better environmental and cultural outcomes reduce the need for costly remediation
  • Stakeholder Confidence: Robust assessment processes build trust with all stakeholders
Ngāi Tai Iwi-led Climate Resilience Plan
Grounded in Ngāi Tai values of kaitiakitanga, mana motuhake, and intergenerational wellbeing, our iwi-led Climate Resilience Plan looks to safeguard our whenua, taiao, and whānau in the face of a changing climate. Guided by maramataka and mātauranga, and shaped through wānanga with pakeke, rangatahi, and whānau, this plan ensures that Ngāi Tai stands strong as kaitiaki for future generations.
Four Interconnected Workstreams
The plan is structured around four interconnected workstreams that collectively strengthen resilience and self-determination:
Marae Infrastructure Resilience
Flood protection, renewable energy systems, digital connectivity, and native ecosystem restoration at Tōrere Marae.
Refining Ngāi Tai Maramataka
Revitalising seasonal knowledge by weaving mātauranga with modern environmental data to form a living, dynamic maramataka.
Growing Intergenerational Leadership
Building rangatahi capacity through curriculum integration at Te Kura o Tōrere, paid internships, and hands-on climate action.
Community Emergency Preparedness
Marae-based response planning grounded in tikanga, including community training, supply stockpiling, and annual emergency simulations.
These workstreams are deliberately interconnected — marae infrastructure underpins emergency response, maramataka guides restoration and planning, and rangatahi leadership ensures continuity of knowledge and action.
Implementation & Impact
Together, these actions position Tōrere Marae as a hub of safety, resilience, and cultural strength for the Ngāi Tai community.
Key implementation highlights include:
Marae Infrastructure Upgrades: Flood barriers, solar energy, digital connectivity, and native restoration.
Living Maramataka: A culturally grounded seasonal calendar combining ancestral knowledge with environmental intelligence.
Rangatahi Leadership Development: Education pathways and paid internships cultivating the next generation of climate leaders.
Emergency Preparedness: Practical readiness through training, resource stockpiles, and annual drills.
Expected outcomes:
Reduced flood and storm risk for Tōrere Marae and its surrounding community.
Increased rangatahi leadership in climate resilience roles.
Strengthened whānau and community preparedness.
Restoration of native ecosystems that enhance biodiversity and carbon sequestration.
Looking Ahead
Climate projections show increasing risks of flooding and extreme weather events in our region. This underscores both the urgency and the importance of Ngāi Tai’s iwi-led approach. With continued support, we aim to strengthen these workstreams, expand our initiatives across the rohe, and ensure that our mokopuna inherit a future of safety, resilience, and cultural strength.
The Changing Face of Tōrere's Shoreline
Local Knowledge
We have observed an environmental shift. For example, the character of driftwood along the beach has transformed dramatically over the past 12-15 years.
Where native logs were once common fixtures and pine cones appeared only occasionally, we now see a different story. Native logs have become increasingly rare, while large pine logs now regularly wash ashore along the coastline.
This visible change serves as a powerful indicator of broader land use transformations occurring throughout the catchment, with radiata pine plantations now extending right down to the shoreline.
Environmental and Cultural Implications
Catchment Resilience
The spread of pine to the awa and moana raises critical questions about how the catchment will respond to climate change impacts.
  • Altered hydrological patterns
  • Changed erosion dynamics
  • Ecosystem disruption
Cultural Wellbeing
For us, these changes challenge fundamental aspects of tikanga and cultural practice.
  • Traditional knowledge systems
  • Mahinga kai availability
  • Intergenerational connections
Collaborative Solutions
Partnership opportunities with forestry groups might offer pathways for sustainable management.
  • Ongoing monitoring programs
  • Coastal protection measures
  • Iwi-led initiatives
Research Framework: Climate Resilience Indicators
We are developing a framework connecting hydrological, ecological, and cultural dimensions to understand how pine plantations are reshaping catchment resilience.
01
Assessment
Evaluate current environmental conditions using both scientific and mātauranga Māori approaches
02
Analysis
Connect indicators across hydrological, ecological, and cultural resilience domains
03
Action
Develop management strategies that restore mauri and strengthen intergenerational wellbeing
This framework provides the foundation for evidence-based decision-making that honors both environmental science and traditional Māori knowledge systems.
Hydrological Resilience Impacts
Extreme Flow Events
Radiata pine plantations create a complex relationship with river flow patterns. While these forests can reduce peak flows during storm events, the clear-fell harvesting process dramatically increases risks.
Clear-cutting leads to increased erosion, landslips, and debris flows, making extreme weather events significantly more hazardous for the entire catchment system. This creates a cycle where short-term flood mitigation is offset by long-term instability.
Drought & Water Scarcity
Pine forests fundamentally alter the water balance of the catchment through two key mechanisms: canopy interception and evapotranspiration. These processes can reduce overall water yield by 30-80%.
This reduction intensifies drought vulnerability throughout the region and severely limits water availability for irrigation, livestock, and our needs. The result is mounting long-term pressure on water resources that we depend upon.
Ecological Resilience Challenges
Invasive Species Dynamics
Radiata pine functions as an exotic monoculture that actively suppresses native understorey vegetation and fundamentally weakens ecosystem integrity. These simplified biological systems become increasingly vulnerable to pests, diseases, and climate extremes.
The loss of biodiversity creates a cascade of ecological impacts that reduce the natural resilience mechanisms that healthy ecosystems rely upon for adaptation and recovery.
Habitat Connectivity Solutions
Pine monocultures create significant barriers to species movement and fragment critical habitat corridors. However, innovative restoration approaches like the Tīmata Method offer hope for improvement.
This method focuses on re-establishing native succession pathways, which supports biodiversity recovery and enhances long-term adaptation capacity. By creating connected corridors of native vegetation, ecosystems can better respond to environmental changes and maintain their ecological functions.
Cultural Resilience: Mahinga Kai Under Pressure
The decline of mahinga kai is not a recent phenomenon but has occurred over many generations, closely linked to land-use changes and farming practices dating back to the time of our tūpuna.
Historical interventions have created lasting impacts on traditional food systems. The introduction of willows for erosion control and extensive efforts to redirect and modify river systems, both inland and near the coast, have gradually but significantly altered critical habitats.
Niania in the Moana
Coastal species abundance has declined due to modified river flows and changed sediment patterns affecting marine ecosystems.
Kakahi in the Rivers
Freshwater mussels and other traditional river foods have diminished as water quality and flow patterns have been altered.
These changes directly threaten customary food systems and, consequently, the intergenerational transmission of cultural knowledge and wellbeing within our iwi.
Adaptive Cultural Practices
We demonstrate remarkable cultural resilience through the continued application and revitalization of traditional environmental management practices.
1
Traditional Rāhui
Customary restrictions continue to be applied to protect resources and ensure sustainable use of natural areas during critical periods.
2
Maramataka Revival
The lunar calendar is being revitalized through innovative programs like the Mauri Compass and our Ngāi Tai-Ao initiative to guide contemporary environmental management.
3
Iwi Practice
While not yet widely adopted across our iwi, maramataka is actively practiced by whānau engaged in this environmental work, continuing to inform fishing and hunting activities.
These practices embody cultural resilience, ensuring that ancestral knowledge remains vibrant and adaptive in response to ongoing environmental change.
Reading the Signs: Tohu Observation
Traditional Environmental Indicators
Environmental changes in water flows, biodiversity patterns, and soil health are recognized through tohu - natural indicators that are carefully interpreted by our knowledge holders.
This traditional observation system provides crucial insights that complement scientific monitoring approaches. Our knowledge holders read subtle changes in plant phenology, animal behavior patterns, and seasonal variations that indicate broader ecosystem shifts.
The ability to observe and respond appropriately to these environmental shifts represents a cornerstone of our cultural resilience, maintaining the vital connection between people and place that has sustained us for generations.
Pathways Forward: Integrated Resilience
The research collaboration between the kura, us, and environmental partners demonstrates how traditional knowledge and scientific approaches can work together to address complex environmental challenges.
Collaborative Monitoring
Establish ongoing partnerships with forestry groups like T64 to ensure coastal areas are protected from inland activities
Ecosystem Restoration
Implement restoration methods that restore mauri and strengthen biodiversity while maintaining cultural connections
Our Leadership
Empower our leadership in environmental management decisions that affect our ancestral territories
Through this integrated approach, the Tōrere catchment can serve as a model for climate resilience that honors both environmental science and mātauranga Māori, ensuring sustainable outcomes for future generations.

This collaborative research represents an important step toward environmental management that respects both scientific rigor and Indigenous knowledge systems, creating pathways for genuine partnership in addressing climate change impacts.
Climate Adaptation, Resilience and Implications for Coastal Iwi
Prepared by Ian Ruru, 1 of 78 international experts under the UAE-Belém Work Programme.
International Expert Workshop: Bonn, Germany.
Contents Overview
01
Implications for Coastal Iwi in Aotearoa
How this global framework applies to small coastal Māori communities in New Zealand.
02
Introduction
Background on the UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience and the two-year work programme
03
Development Process
How 78 technical experts refined and developed the indicators through collaborative review
04
Indicator Set Description
Comprehensive overview of the 100 globally applicable indicators across all targets.
05
Metadata Status
Assessment of methodologies, data availability, and disaggregation capabilities.
06
Expert Reflections
Key insights and recommendations for implementation and future development.
This report represents the culmination of extensive collaborative work by international experts to create a robust foundation for measuring climate adaptation progress globally.
Implications for Coastal Iwi in Aotearoa
Adapting Global Indicators for Iwi Contexts
For us, adapting global indicators means embedding them within our worldview. We can’t just import them wholesale. It's about taking these frameworks and making them relevant to our tikanga and our whakapapa to land and sea.
The Power of Mātauranga Māori
Mātauranga Māori, our traditional knowledge, is paramount. It offers crucial insights for climate adaptation measurement, often providing solutions that Western science is only beginning to understand. Our tupuna observed environmental shifts for generations; that knowledge is invaluable for today’s challenges.
Vulnerabilities of Coastal Iwi Communities
Our communities are inherently vulnerable. Sea level rise and coastal erosion threaten our homes, our urupā , and sacred cultural sites. These aren't just physical losses; they are deeply spiritual and cultural losses that impact our identity.
Iwi / Hapu Leading Local Adaptation Efforts
The Mauri Compass framework offers opportunities for hapu / iwi to lead. By aligning global indicators with our local needs and practices, we can drive adaptation efforts that are culturally appropriate and highly effective.
The Challenge of Scale
Applying global indicators to our small, isolated communities presents a scale challenge. What works for a nation might not directly apply to a hapū of a few hundred people. We need flexibility and a nuanced understanding of local realities.
Cultural Heritage and Traditional Knowledge Integration
Protecting our cultural heritage and integrating traditional knowledge isn't an add-on; it's fundamental. Our adaptation strategies must weave together modern science with ancient wisdom, safeguarding our past for future generations.
Practical Applications for Iwi / Hapu Climate Adaptation Planning
Practically, this framework can help us prioritise actions, secure funding, and demonstrate the impact of our efforts. It provides a common language for reporting while allowing for local methodologies to gather data that truly matters to us.
Indigenous Rights and Climate Adaptation
Finally, the intersection of Indigenous rights and climate adaptation measurement is critical. Our rights to self-determination and to protect our cultural landscapes must be at the forefront of any framework that seeks to measure climate progress.
It's about ensuring these global conversations genuinely serve and uplift those most directly impacted, allowing our voices and unique knowledge systems to shape the solutions for a resilient future.
Introduction to the UAE Framework
Decision 2/CMA.5 adopted the UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience, establishing a comprehensive approach to achieving the Global Goal on Adaptation (GGA). This landmark framework defines eleven critical targets that guide global climate adaptation efforts.
Seven Thematic Targets
Covering water, food, health, ecosystems, infrastructure, poverty, and cultural heritage
Four Adaptation Cycle Targets
Addressing assessment, planning, implementation, and monitoring dimensions
Two-Year Work Programme
UAE-Belém initiative to develop comprehensive indicators for measuring progress
The Chairs of the Subsidiary Bodies convened 78 technical experts to support the development of indicators, drawing on submissions from Parties and stakeholders as well as national reports to the UNFCCC. This collaborative approach ensures the indicators reflect diverse global perspectives and expertise.
Expert-Led Development Process
Collaborative Framework
The 78 experts were strategically allocated across eight expert groups - one for each thematic target and one for the adaptation cycle targets. Following guidance from CMA.6 in Baku, experts could participate in multiple groups to enhance cross-collaboration.
1
September 2024
Expert groups convened and began systematic review of 9,529 compiled indicators
2
March 2025
Hybrid workshop in Bonn facilitated peer review and collective assessment
3
August 2025
Final expert meeting in Nairobi refined indicators to 100 globally applicable measures
Experts invested substantial amounts of time beyond their regular responsibilities. Many participated across multiple time zones, with some attending climate negotiations in Baku and daily meetings in Bonn.

The dedication of these experts enabled the completion of this critical task, reducing indicators from 9,529 to a focused set of 100 globally applicable measures.
Comprehensive Indicator Framework
The expert group developed a standardised template providing comprehensive information for each of the 100 indicators. This systematic approach ensures consistency and enables meaningful comparison across targets and regions.
1
Indicator Identification
Unique ID system starting with target number followed by serial number (e.g., 9a01)
2
Disaggregation Levels
Multiple dimensions including social, geographic, and sectoral breakdowns for enhanced granularity
3
Target Mapping
Clear alignment with specific sub-components of the eleven UAE Framework targets
4
Detailed Descriptions
Comprehensive definitions and qualitative context for proper interpretation
Template Structure and Components
Essential Information Categories
  • Rationale and Relevance: Global applicability and adaptation significance
  • Cross-Target Connections: Indicators relevant to multiple targets
  • Metadata Status: Availability of methodologies and data sources
  • Data Availability: Current status and accessibility of required data
  • Measurement Units: Specific units or qualitative descriptors
  • Means of Implementation: Access, quality, and finance considerations
  • Operationalisation: Steps needed for Party reporting

The template was updated after SB62 to incorporate additional guidance from Parties, ensuring alignment with evolving requirements.
Dramatic Indicator Refinement
The expert group achieved a remarkable reduction of nearly 80% in the number of indicators, from 490 to 100, whilst maintaining comprehensive coverage of all targets.
This systematic refinement process involved rigorous peer review, elimination of redundancy, and careful prioritisation to ensure each indicator provides meaningful, actionable information for measuring adaptation progress.
1
Compilation
Gathered submissions from Parties and stakeholders
2
Analysis
Expert groups reviewed against established criteria
3
Refinement
Reduced redundancy and enhanced global applicability
Target Distribution Overview
The 100 indicators are strategically distributed across the eleven targets, with each thematic target receiving balanced coverage whilst adaptation cycle targets reflect their specific requirements.
10
Water & Sanitation
Addressing climate-induced water scarcity and resilience
10
Food & Agriculture
Production, supply chains, and nutrition outcomes
10
Health Services
Climate-related morbidity and healthcare resilience
10
Ecosystems
Biodiversity conservation and nature-based solutions
7
Infrastructure
Essential services and adaptive planning
9
Poverty & Livelihoods
Protecting vulnerable populations and assets
Adaptation Cycle Integration
Systematic Approach
The indicators connect climate impacts, risk context, adaptation actions, and measurable results through a logical framework that supports comprehensive monitoring and evaluation.
Assessment
Impact, vulnerability, and risk evaluation
Planning
National adaptation strategies and policies
Implementation
Action delivery and means of implementation
Monitoring
Evaluation and learning systems
Many indicators can be disaggregated across multiple dimensions, including social, livelihood, ecosystem, and geographic categories, enabling nuanced analysis of adaptation progress.
Indigenous Knowledge Integration
Responding to Decision 3/CMA.6, the indicators emphasise the importance of traditional knowledge, Indigenous Peoples' knowledge, and local knowledge systems throughout the adaptation measurement framework.
Cultural Heritage Protection
Indicators specifically address climate-resilient preservation of cultural practices and heritage sites
Knowledge Systems Integration
Measures for incorporating Indigenous and local knowledge into adaptation planning
Participatory Processes
Indicators tracking meaningful engagement of Indigenous Peoples and local communities
This integration ensures that adaptation measurement recognises and values diverse knowledge systems whilst promoting inclusive approaches to climate resilience building.
Water Supply and Sanitation Focus
The water-related indicators address the reality that most climate-related disasters are water-related, and most adaptation measures involve water in some form.
Climate-Induced Water Scarcity
Indicators measuring reduction in water stress and improved access to safe, affordable potable water
Water-Related Hazards
Resilience measures for floods, droughts, and emerging hazards like glacial lake outburst floods
Climate-Resilient Infrastructure
Water supply and sanitation systems designed to withstand climate impacts
These indicators draw from established global frameworks including the SDGs and Sendai Framework, whilst incorporating modifications to ensure relevance to climate resilience goals.
Food and Agriculture Systems
The ten food and agriculture indicators provide a balanced mix of action- and impact-oriented measures that track the complete agricultural value chain response to climate challenges.
Production Systems
Adoption of climate-resilient agricultural practices and technologies
Supply & Distribution
Resilient food systems and distribution networks
Nutrition Outcomes
Food security and nutritional status indicators
Five indicators focus on adaptation responses including institutional frameworks and investments, whilst five track climate impacts on agricultural productivity, losses, and food insecurity prevalence.
Health Impacts and Services
Comprehensive Health Protection
The health indicators address three critical dimensions of climate-health adaptation:
1
Impact Reduction
Monitoring progress in reducing climate-related morbidity and mortality from heat, infectious diseases, and occupational injuries
2
Service Resilience
Tracking coverage of essential health services and mental health support for climate-sensitive events
3
System Strengthening
Measuring early warning systems, vulnerability assessments, and health workforce capacity building
These indicators enable monitoring of both climate-related health risks and the effectiveness of adaptation measures, with emphasis on social and geographic disaggregation.
Ecosystems and Biodiversity Conservation
The ecosystem indicators recognise that healthy ecosystems serve as buffers to increasing climate hazards, providing critical natural infrastructure for climate resilience.
Terrestrial Systems
Forest conservation and restoration measures
Wetland Protection
Coastal and inland water ecosystem resilience
Mountain Ecosystems
High-altitude biodiversity and watershed protection
Nature-Based Solutions
Ecosystem-based adaptation implementation
Conservation Areas
Expanding protected and conserved areas
The indicators incorporate IUCN Red List methodologies and align with the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, capturing substantial economic and social co-benefits.
Infrastructure and Human Settlements
The seven infrastructure indicators focus on essential services and adaptive planning that reduces climate risks and impacts on communities, acknowledging both formal and informal settlement needs.
Essential Services Access
Adaptive basic infrastructure availability across diverse communities
Adaptive Planning
Climate-informed infrastructure and settlement planning processes
Community Input
Participatory design of adaptation plans and infrastructure
These indicators acknowledge the importance of adaptation planning for temperature goal overshoot scenarios and capture complex risk dynamics that may signal adaptation limits requiring transformative change.
Poverty Eradication and Livelihoods
The nine poverty and livelihoods indicators recognise that reducing poverty and protecting livelihoods is fundamental for enabling resilience across all sectors.
Impact Monitoring
Three indicators track climate change impacts on poverty eradication efforts
Protective Measures
Six indicators measure policies reducing climate impacts on livelihoods
Labour Force Diversification
Measures supporting economic resilience through diverse employment opportunities
Financial Protection
Access to finance, climate risk insurance, and adaptive social protection systems
Private Sector Adaptation
Business and enterprise climate resilience measures
Cultural Heritage and Knowledge Systems
The eight cultural heritage indicators focus on protection from climate-related risks whilst promoting the integration of traditional, Indigenous, and local knowledge systems in adaptation planning.
Tangible Heritage Protection
Climate adaptation measures for vulnerable heritage sites and infrastructure retrofitting
Intangible Heritage Resilience
Enhancing resilience of cultural practices and digitisation of vulnerable heritage
Policy Integration
Emergency preparedness plans and adaptation policies including heritage safeguarding
Capacity Building
Training programmes engaging Indigenous Peoples and local knowledge systems
These indicators emphasise climate-resilient infrastructure guided by traditional building practices and the meaningful engagement of Indigenous Peoples in heritage protection efforts.
Impact and Risk Assessment Framework
The ten assessment indicators align with the four pillars of multi-hazard early warning systems, providing comprehensive risk knowledge and preparedness capabilities.
Disaster Risk Knowledge
Climate hazard, impact, and exposure assessments forming the foundation for informed decision-making
Observation & Monitoring
Systematic data collection and analysis systems for climate-related risks
Warning Dissemination
Communication systems ensuring timely and accessible risk information
Response Capabilities
Preparedness measures and institutional capacity for effective climate response
These indicators can be disaggregated across thematic targets and sectors, measuring elements relevant to all other targets whilst tracking international support for climate information systems.
National Adaptation Planning
The planning indicators assess the quality and comprehensiveness of national adaptation planning processes through three critical components.
1
2
3
1
Policy Integration
2
Inclusive Processes
3
Plan Existence
The indicators evaluate whether Parties have national adaptation plans and strategies, whether these are developed through participatory and gender-responsive processes, and whether adaptation considerations are systematically integrated into broader development frameworks.
These measures capture relevant enabling factors for adaptation implementation, focusing on policy and institutional structures that support long-term resilience building.
Implementation and Cross-Target Indicators
The implementation target includes both progress measurement and comprehensive cross-target indicators for means of implementation that apply across all targets.
Implementation Progress
Four indicators measuring advancement in implementing national adaptation plans and resulting impact reduction
Finance Indicators
Four indicators covering adaptation costs, international public finance, annual expenditure, and private sector finance
Capacity Building
Two indicators tracking institutional arrangements and adaptive capacity development
Technology Transfer
One indicator measuring implementation of identified adaptation technology needs
Means of Implementation Options
Recognising the political complexity of means of implementation, three cross-target indicators include multiple options for Party consideration, particularly regarding international finance flows.
These options reflect different approaches to measuring international public finance for adaptation, acknowledging that resolution requires political rather than technical decisions.

Cross-target indicators should be disaggregated across thematic targets and sectors, as they are critical for achieving all adaptation goals.
Monitoring, Evaluation and Learning
The five MEL indicators measure both system development and institutional capacity for effective adaptation monitoring, recognising that robust MEL systems typically require several years to develop and operationalise.
Institutional Capacity
Policy Integration
Findings Publication
System Operation
System Development
The indicators differentiate development stages and emphasise inclusive processes involving vulnerable groups and Indigenous Peoples in MEL system design and implementation.
Metadata and Methodology Status
The expert assessment reveals that metadata is available for nearly a quarter of indicators, with established methodologies from global frameworks providing a strong foundation.
25%
Complete Metadata
Available with minor modifications expected
50%
Modification Required
Existing metadata needs adaptation-specific adjustments
25%
New Development
Completely new indicators requiring fresh methodologies
Key sources include SDG metadata repositories, Sendai Framework monitoring systems, and databases from FAO, WHO, UNFCCC, and other UN agencies. This foundation enables rapid operationalisation whilst ensuring consistency with established global monitoring systems.
Data Availability and Disaggregation
Data availability assessment shows promising foundations, with nearly 30% of indicators having available data and over 60% having partial availability requiring methodological adjustments.
Social Categories
Sex, age, disability, migration status, Indigenous Peoples, and local communities
Thematic Targets
Disaggregation across all eleven UAE Framework targets
Geographic Distribution
Rural/urban, national/local, river basins, and ecosystem boundaries
Climate Hazards
Breakdown by specific climate-related risks and impacts
Expert Reflections and Future Directions
The 78 experts emphasise that successful implementation requires coordinated global action across multiple dimensions, from methodology enhancement to capacity building.
1
Immediate Actions
Enhance methodologies, develop technical guidance, and strengthen Party capacities for data collection
2
Institutional Collaboration
Partner with custodian agencies and statistical offices to reduce reporting burden and ensure coherence
3
Continuous Evolution
Regular reviews aligned with Global Stocktake cycles to maintain relevance and incorporate emerging science
"The work on indicators under the UAE Framework for Global Climate Resilience provides an opportunity globally to do both meaningful work and open the space for more innovative work around adaptation measurement to track progress and gaps on adaptation under the Paris Agreement."
This comprehensive indicator framework represents a significant step forward in global climate adaptation measurement, providing the foundation for evidence-based progress tracking towards the Global Goal on Adaptation.
Our Expert Contributors
We extend our sincere gratitude to the 78 international experts whose dedication and invaluable expertise were instrumental in developing the climate adaptation indicators under the UAE-Belém Work Programme. Their profound knowledge and commitment have laid a strong foundation for robust global climate resilience measurement.
Mahinga Kai: Connecting People with Place, Tangata with Whenua
A Toolkit created in 2022
Mahinga kai was elevated to a compulsory value under the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management (NPS-FM) 2020, giving greater recognition to values that Māori hold for freshwater. This comprehensive guide provides tools, examples, and practical guidance for tangata whenua and councils to implement mahinga kai through the National Objectives Framework (NOF) by 2024.

Ruru, I., Shivnan, S, Kanz, W., Afoa, E., Clarke, C., Nutsford, D., Lowe, M., Jelicich, A., (2022). A kete for implementing mahinga kai within the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management 2020. Prepared for the Ministry for the Environment by Maumahara Consultancy Services Ltd and Awamoana Ltd.
Acknowledgements & Citation
Prepared by:
Ian Ruru & Simone Shivnan (Maumahara Consultancy Services Ltd)
Wolfgang Kanz (Awamoana Ltd)
Emily Afoa (Tektus Consultants Ltd)
Caleb Clarke, Stu Farrant, Mark Lowe, and Daniel Nutsford (Morphum Environmental Ltd).
Review and Release Information
Final review by: Emily Afoa and Caleb Clarke.
Released by: Ian Ruru and Wolfgang Kanz.
Acknowledgements
The following individuals and organisations are acknowledged for their contributions to the project:
Mahinga kai practitioners and consultants:
  • Barry Matuku
  • Hurimoana Haami
  • Marlene Benson
  • Sam MacDonald
  • Anne-Maree McKay
  • Sam Tamarapa
  • Dr. Shaun Awatere
  • Dr. Kepa Morgan
  • Hera Gibson
  • Tu O’Brien
  • Mananui Ramsden
  • Ian Ruru
  • Ray Farmer
Regional Council staff, in particular:
  • Dave Allen (Auckland Council)
  • Mananui Ramsden (Environment Canterbury)
  • Nicola Green
  • Kataraina O’Brien
  • Gina Mohi
  • Anaru Vercoe (Bay of Plenty Regional Council)
Ministry for Environment-led project team:
  • Alba Jelicich (Project Manager)
  • Dave Allen (Auckland Council)
  • Claire Graeme (MfE)
  • Lyn Harrison (Atahaia Consultancy Ltd)
  • Kataraina O’Brien (Bay of Plenty Regional Council)
  • Christina Robb (Happen Consulting Ltd)
Technical guidance:
  • Dr. Mahina-a-rangi Baker (Te Kōnae Ltd)
Illustrations:
  • Anakura Kingi-Taumaunu
Understanding Mahinga Kai
More Than Food Gathering
While mahinga kai literally translates as "food-gathering place," the concept within te ao Māori is much deeper and broader. It encompasses people, their connections to places, the resources themselves, and the principles that inform how these resources are harvested and managed.
Mahinga kai has its roots in creation stories and acknowledges the enduring connection between atua, whenua, natural resources, and people. Recognition of tangata whenua connections to the natural world and the principles of kaitiakitanga and rangatiratanga are fundamental.
Key Principles
  • Inter-generational sustainability and prosperity
  • Traditional currency with economic value
  • Holistic integration of environmental and cultural values
  • Encompasses customs, practices, and relationships
  • Includes native and adapted non-native species
Te Mana o te Wai Framework
Hierarchy of Obligations
First: Health and well-being of water bodies and freshwater ecosystems
Second: Health needs of people (drinking water)
Third: Social, economic, and cultural well-being
Six Core Principles
  • Mana whakahaere
  • Kaitiakitanga
  • Manaakitanga
  • Governance
  • Stewardship
  • Care and respect
Connection to Mahinga Kai
Mahinga kai is intrinsically connected to Te Mana o te Wai. The principles of mana whakahaere, kaitiakitanga, and manaakitanga are integral to mahinga kai and underpin tangata whenua relationships with wai.
The National Objectives Framework Process
The NOF requires regional councils to identify Freshwater Management Units (FMUs), set values and environmental outcomes, establish target attribute states, develop interventions through limits and action plans, monitor waterbodies, and take corrective steps if deterioration is detected.
Long-term Vision
Develop ambitious but achievable goals representing community and tangata whenua wishes for waterbodies
Values & Outcomes
Identify mahinga kai and other values, set environmental outcomes as plan objectives
Attributes & States
Develop measurable characteristics, establish baseline and target attribute states
Limits & Actions
Set resource use limits, prepare action plans, implement management methods
Monitor Progress
Track progress toward targets using mātauranga Māori and scientific measures
Setting Long-term Visions
Vision Requirements
Long-term visions must be developed through engagement with communities and tangata whenua about their long-term wishes for water bodies. They should set goals that are ambitious but reasonable, with timeframes of approximately 30 years.
Visions must be informed by understanding the history and environmental pressures on FMUs, and express what communities and tangata whenua want for the future.
Example Vision Statements

Vision #1: Awa and repo have healthy plant and animal communities in the water and on adjacent land that sustain mahinga kai resources important for tangata whenua.

Vision #2: Tangata whenua can safely reconnect with their awa and repo by exercising traditional mahinga kai customs and practices in places used by their tīpuna, being kaitiaki of their waters.
Freshwater Management Units
The NOF is delivered at an FMU or part of an FMU scale. When setting mahinga kai values, these may be set at the scale of an FMU, part of an FMU, or catchment level, providing flexibility to manage the localized dimension of mahinga kai values.
1
Consider Rohe Boundaries
FMUs informed by rohe boundaries may be best suited for implementing mahinga kai values, as these are affected by cultural characteristics as well as hydrological and physical characteristics.
2
Assess Practical Constraints
Consider alignment of catchment and rohe boundaries, number of affected parties, size of rohe, and extent of upstream/downstream impacts.
3
Enable Sub-FMU Flexibility
Sub-FMUs can provide options where using rohe boundaries is impractical, allowing for more tailored regulatory and non-regulatory approaches.
4
Integrate Ki Uta Ki Tai
Ensure FMUs recognize interconnectedness and interactions between freshwater, land, water bodies, ecosystems and receiving environments.
Mahinga Kai as a Compulsory Value
Two Key Aspects
The NPS-FM 2020 defines mahinga kai through two interconnected aspects that tangata whenua determine locally:
  1. Kai is safe to harvest and eat: Desired species are plentiful enough for long-term harvest, and the range of desired species is present across all life stages.
  1. Kei te ora te mauri: The mauri of the place is intact. Customary resources are available for use, customary practices can be exercised, and tikanga and preferred methods can be practiced.
Additional Values
Tangata whenua can identify additional Māori freshwater values beyond mahinga kai, including:
  • Mauri
  • Wai tapu
  • Tauranga waka
  • Wāhi tapu
  • Wai puna
  • Nohonga
Environmental Outcomes
Councils must set environmental outcomes for mahinga kai values that apply to each FMU and include them as objectives in regional plans. These explicit outcomes inform how and where target attribute states are set and what flow regimes and take limits are needed.
Resource Availability
Tangata whenua can sustainably harvest mahinga kai plants and taonga important to them for whānau and marae events year-round, in places where they have historically occurred.
Active Kaitiakitanga
Tangata whenua exercise kaitiakitanga while actively carrying out mahinga kai customs and practices in awa and repo throughout the year, respecting local tikanga and kawa.
Mauri Restoration
The mauri of waterbodies is restored and maintained, supporting the full range of mahinga kai values and enabling spiritual and cultural connections.
Developing Attributes for Mahinga Kai
An attribute is a measurable characteristic (numeric, narrative, or both) of a value that can be used to assess the extent to which a particular value is upheld or enhanced. The NPS-FM 2020 does not prescribe specific attributes for mahinga kai—only tangata whenua can identify and lead development of attributes representing specific mahinga kai values in their local catchments.
01
Identify Success Factors
Determine key factors for achieving environmental outcomes, considering what can be measured through quantitative or qualitative data via mātauranga Māori or Western science methods.
02
Consider Information Sources
Attributes can be quantitative, semi-quantitative, or qualitative (narrative). Information may be collected through people-centered approaches including wānanga, hui, and field measurements.
03
Enable Tangata Whenua Leadership
Support tangata whenua to locally develop attributes through expert panels, existing te ao Māori tools, or their own frameworks.
04
Address Information Deficits
Where information is insufficient, develop alternative criteria or gather new data while ensuring action on the ground is taken.
Example Mahinga Kai Attributes
Abundance of Eels
Attribute: Abundance of suitably sized eels that can be harvested at mahinga kai sites
Band A: High numbers of tuna of suitable size available for tangata whenua customary fishing (catch per unit effort > 60 tuna between 0.5kg and 2kg)
Measurement: Catch per unit effort using traditional hinaki at designated mahinga kai sites
Wai Tapu & Noa
Attribute: Freedom from sensitive wastes that create tapu restrictions
Band A: Tapu has been restored to noa—no sensitive wastes hinder tangata whenua from undertaking customary practices at any time
Measurement: Mapping of rāhui and assessment of waste discharge impacts
Site Access
Attribute: Access and protection of mahinga kai sites
Band A: 100% of mahinga kai freshwater sites, areas, and routes can be safely accessed by tangata whenua and are protected against unauthorized use
Measurement: Percentage of sites accessible and protected through formal mechanisms
Target Attribute States
Setting Targets
Target attribute states (TAS) represent the state of the attribute that needs to be achieved to meet associated objectives, outcomes, values and visions. For mahinga kai, TAS must be set at or above the baseline state.
Every target attribute state must specify a timeframe for achievement. If timeframes are long-term, interim target attribute states must be set for intervals of not more than 10 years to assess progress.
Key Considerations
  • Should be aspirational but achievable
  • Reflect multi-generational planning horizons
  • Consider practical constraints to achievement
  • May vary between waterbodies based on conditions
  • Should aim for continuous improvement
Applying a Te Ao Māori Worldview
A te ao Māori worldview is holistic in nature, acknowledging the interconnectedness of all living things. Mātauranga Māori goes back further than statistical sampling in New Zealand, based on ongoing observation informed by the maramataka Māori rather than representative samples at specific points in time.
Aggregate Attributes
Overall mauri or health scores supported by multiple non-indigenous and mātauranga Māori sub-attributes
Holistic Integration
Weaving together resource abundance and health with customs, practices, and practical impediments
Complementary Approaches
Both non-indigenous science and mātauranga Māori have roles to play and add value to developing attributes
Cultural Baseline
Knowledge from kuia, kaumātua and pūkenga provides distinct relational insight into past, present, and future
Limits and Action Plans
Councils will work towards target attribute states for mahinga kai values through three key ways: preparing action plans, identifying limits on resource use as rules in regional plans, and imposing conditions on resource consents.
Short-term Actions
Catchment management plans being developed, waterbodies named with Māori names, riparian margins fenced, planting initiated, spawning sites improved, fish passage provided for highest risk barriers, important sites identified.
Medium-term Actions
Catchment plans completed and actions underway, all riparian margins fenced where intensive grazing occurs, extensive planting, wetlands created to treat pollution, important cultural sites protected, access provided, substantial pest control implemented.
Long-term Actions
Catchment plan actions evolving based on monitoring, improved navigation, access to mahinga kai sites for day-to-day customs, land-legal issues resolved, all rivers planted and fenced, cultural monitoring with intergenerational knowledge transmission.
Engaging with Tangata Whenua
Authentic collaboration and partnership between tangata whenua and councils is crucial. This requires working within both te ao Māori and Crown frameworks, recognizing and respecting each other's unique roles.
Enable Tangata Whenua Leadership
Mātauranga Māori resides with tangata whenua. Mahinga kai values are underpinned by Te Mana o te Wai principles of mana whakahaere, kaitiakitanga, and manaakitanga. Create opportunities for tangata whenua to lead mahinga kai assessments, attribute development, monitoring, and action plan components.
Build Relationships First
The starting point is always developing respectful and trusting relationships. Create opportunities through allocated funding or FTEs to build relationships. Meet at venues chosen by tangata whenua, conduct wānanga in a manner consistent with tikanga Māori, and allow adequate time for culturally appropriate processes.
Respect Data Sovereignty
Tangata whenua have sovereignty over their mātauranga, data, and tikanga. Establish processes and mechanisms that safeguard sensitive mātauranga, intellectual property, and information that mana whenua want protected. Address data sovereignty upfront in the engagement process.
Provide Adequate Resourcing
Allocate sufficient funding for authentic engagement. Resource tangata whenua expert input appropriately, recognizing the significant time and effort required. Support tangata whenua to create capacity to engage through funding or other resources.
Step-by-Step Engagement Process
1
Step 1: Identify Parties (2-3 months)
Determine who needs to be talking to whom. Include tangata whenua rangatira, appointed representatives, flax-roots practitioners, mātauranga Māori experts, and council senior leadership with appropriate kaimahi.
2
Step 2: Develop Relationships (3-6 months)
Build trust through whakawhanaungatanga. Understand each other's roles, obligations, and constraints. Create a safe working environment that respects tikanga and enables authentic partnership.
3
Step 3: Co-develop Framework (4-6 months)
Work together to develop engagement plans, establish working groups, agree on communication platforms, plan for wānanga and hui, determine resourcing needs, and establish data sharing protocols.
4
Step 4: Technical Work (6-12 months)
Undertake mapping wānanga, develop attributes and target attribute states, identify limits and action plans, establish monitoring approaches, and integrate mātauranga Māori throughout.
5
Step 5: Implementation (Ongoing)
Implement action plans, conduct monitoring, report on progress, adapt approaches based on results, and maintain relationships through continued engagement and partnership.
Tools for Implementation
Several tools are provided to support tangata whenua and councils in implementing mahinga kai. These are options to consider—tangata whenua and councils may wish to develop their own approaches and solutions.
Exploring Mahinga Kai
Flow charts and infographics to facilitate discovery phase discussions, explain how attributes work as indicators, and improve understanding of mahinga kai values and relationships.
Visualizing Mahinga Kai
Annotated photo collages illustrating connections and relationships, showing the range of mahinga kai resources, and demonstrating ki uta ki tai interconnectedness of waterbodies.
Mapping Impacts
Tools to identify visible impacts (species threats, water quality, hydrological alteration, land impacts) and invisible impacts (planning/regulation, access restrictions, knowledge loss).
Mapping Wānanga
Structured process for undertaking mapping wānanga with tangata whenua to identify mahinga kai values, attributes, important places, practices, resources, and opportunities for improvement.
Selecting Attributes
Practical approaches for working towards a manageable set of attributes that collectively achieve mahinga kai objectives while being measurable and implementable.
Existing Tools
Assessment of existing te ao Māori framework tools including Cultural Health Index, Mauri Model, Wai Ora Wai Māori, and others that may be applicable to implementing mahinga kai.
Mātauranga Māori and Data Sovereignty
Protecting Indigenous Knowledge
Mātauranga Māori is a taonga. When shared, it is a gift and should be safeguarded and treated with respect. Tangata whenua have sovereignty over their mātauranga, data, and tikanga.
Mahinga kai 'data' is different from conventional datasets. Rich repositories of mātauranga Māori include whakapapa, mōteatea, waiata, whakairo, pūrākau, and maramataka—many of which are narrative in nature and are robust, repeatable and transparent in their own right.
Key Principles
  • Control: Māori have inherent rights to exercise control over Māori data and data ecosystems
  • Jurisdiction: Māori data should be stored in Aotearoa New Zealand whenever possible
  • Self-determination: Māori have rights to data that enables sustainable self-determination
  • Ethics: Tikanga, kawa, and mātauranga Māori should underpin data protection and use
Monitoring Mahinga Kai
The NPS-FM 2020 requires regional councils to establish methods for monitoring progress towards achieving target attribute states and environmental outcomes. Methods must include measures of mātauranga Māori and the health of indigenous flora and fauna.
Why Cultural Monitoring?
Mahinga kai monitoring methods are best led by tangata whenua because mahinga kai environmental outcomes are about Māori relationships and connections with waterbodies. Cultural monitoring provides insights that conventional monitoring cannot capture.
Monitoring Components
Monitoring should track progress against attribute states, delivery of management methods and action plans, achievement of resource use limits, and contribution toward long-term visions and environmental outcomes.
Integration Approach
Cultural monitoring should be supported by monitoring of other NOF values and attributes where relevant. Collaborate with councils where synergies align, particularly for NPS-FM 2020 monitoring and reporting requirements.
Reporting Methods
Report cards and other visual reporting tools can effectively communicate progress to communities and tangata whenua, showing trends over time and highlighting areas requiring attention.
Moving Forward Together
Success Factors
  • Authentic partnership and collaboration
  • Tangata whenua-led processes
  • Adequate resourcing and capacity
  • Integration of mātauranga Māori
  • Respect for data sovereignty
  • Long-term commitment
  • Flexibility and adaptation
What Success Looks Like
Success in implementing mahinga kai means tangata whenua can harvest and collect enough kai and resources to sustain themselves, can access mahinga kai sites, and water bodies are restored to sustain mahinga kai. It means contact with water heals rather than harms, collecting and sharing kai is part of family life, and tangata whenua from kaumātua to mokopuna harvest kai in the ways of their tīpuna.
Success means tangata whenua take care of the wai by being integral to decision-making, can observe positive change through their kaitiaki work, and wāhi taonga are known, protected, accessible, with their mana, mauri, and tapu restored and in balance.

Mō tātou ā, mō ngā uri ā muri ake nei - For us and our children after us. This kete provides tools for both technical and practical aspects of implementing mahinga kai, offering timely guidance to assist tangata whenua and councils in successful collaboration toward restoring and protecting mahinga kai for future generations.
References
This comprehensive freshwater monitoring and management plan builds upon decades of research, development, and practical application of mātauranga Māori-based environmental assessment methodologies. The following references represent the foundational work that underpins the Mauri Compass System and its application to freshwater management.
Academic and Technical References
Benson, M., McKay, A-M., Ruru, M., Ruru, R., & Ruru, I.H. (2020). Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Mutunga Mauri Compass assessment of the Urenui River and the Mimitangiatua River. Prepared for Te Wai Māori Trust and Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Mutunga, Urenui, NZ. Available online
Haywood, C., Manawa, R., & Ruru, I. (2023). A Preliminary Mauri Compass Assessment of the Mangawherawhera Catchment. Ātihau Whanganui for Te Wai Māori Trust, Ohakune, NZ. Available online
Ruru, P.B. (2004). Whanau a Kai, Te Aitanga a Mahaki customary eel fisheries: Lake Repongaere. Ministry of Fisheries, Wellington.
Ruru, I.H. (2006). Te Aitanga a Mahaki environmental inventory and iwi planning document. Ministry for the Environment, Wellington.
Ruru, I.H. (2008). Biology of a fin fish – NZ Freshwater Eel Species. Seafood Industry Training Organisation, Wellington.
Ruru, I.H. (2017a). Respect and dignity: A cultural assessment for separating mortuary by‑products from the Gisborne municipal sewage system. Te Runanga o Tūranganui a Kiwa, Gisborne.
Ruru, I.H. (2017b). Water quality measuring methods case study. Mauri Compass: Methods and application within the National Policy Statement for Freshwater.
Ruru, I.H. (2018). Assessing the mauri of the Waipaoa River using the Mauri Compass. Te Wai Māori Trust. Project info
Ruru, I.H. (2019a). A mātauranga Māori assessment of the mauri of the Makauri Aquifer. Te Aitanga a Māhaki, Gisborne District Council.
Ruru, I.H. (2019b). The Mauri Compass – A mātauranga Māori tool for assessing the mauri of water. Version 1.0. Available online
Ruru, I.H., & Chisnall, B.L; Ruru, P.B. (2004). Whanau a Kai, Te Aitanga a Mahaki customary eel fisheries: Lake Repongaere. Ministry of Fisheries.
Ruru, I.H., & Chisnall, B.L; Ruru, P.B. (2007). Te Aitanga a Mahaki management of customary eel fisheries. Ministry of Fisheries. Available online
Ruru, I.H., & Chisnall, B.L; Ruru, P.B. (2008). Taharoa Lakes customary eel fisheries. Ministry of Fisheries.
Ruru, I.H., & Dunn, A. (2017). Tūranganui a Kiwa water quality enhancement project – Scoping report.
Ruru, I.H., Farmer, R., Barber, A., Pere, J., & Smith, M. (2017). A cultural framework for addressing wastewater management in Turanganui a Kiwa.
Ruru, I.H., Kanz, W., Afoa, E., Clarke, C., Nutsford, D., et al. (2022). A kete for implementing mahinga kai within the National Policy Statement for Freshwater Management. Available Online.
Ruru, I.H., Kanz, W.A., Farmer, R., Pere, J., Toroa, K., et al. (2020). Council wastewater overflows in wet weather storm events and in dry weather: Report on Tangata Whenua engagement.
Ruru, P.B. (2007). Upstream migration of glass eels in the Waipaoa River. Prepared for Te Wai Māori Trust
Westerhoff, R., McDowell, R., Brasington, J., Hamer, M., Muraoka, K., et al. (2021). Towards Implementation of Robust Monitoring Technologies alongside Freshwater Improvement Policy in Aotearoa New Zealand. Environmental Science and Policy. Available online
Climate Resilience and Pine Plantation Impacts
Bloomberg, M., Cairns, E., Du, D., Palmer, H., & Perry, C. (2019). Alternatives to clearfelling for harvesting of radiata pine plantations on erosion-susceptible land. New Zealand Journal of Forestry, 64(2), 23-29.
Phillips, C., Betts, H., Smith, H.G., & Tsyplenkov, A. (2024). Exploring the post-harvest 'window of vulnerability' to landslides in New Zealand steepland plantation forests. Ecological Engineering, 206, 107300.
Nghiem, N., & Tran, H. (2016). The biodiversity benefits and opportunity costs of plantation forest management: A modelling case study of Pinus radiata in New Zealand. Forest Policy and Economics, 73, 55-64.
Ministry for Primary Industries. (2021). Transitioning Exotic Plantations to Native Forest: A Report on the State of Knowledge. MPI Technical Paper No: 2021/22. Wellington: Te Uru Rākau.
Te Uru Rākau. (2019). New Zealand Forest Industry Facts & Figures 2018/2019. Wellington: New Zealand Forest Service.
Mead, D.J. (2013). Sustainable management of Pinus radiata plantations. FAO Forestry Paper No. 170. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Kia mau ki ngā kupu o ōu tīpuna